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Gingival enlargement

Author: Hon A/Prof  Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand, 2005.


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What is gingival enlargement?

Gingival enlargement refers to excessive growth of the gums, and may also be known as gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy.

Gingival enlargement

What are the possible causes?

In many cases the cause is unknown. The affected tissue may be inflamed (gingivitis), in which case the gums are red, soft, shiny and bleed easily. Gingivitis may be localised or generalised.

Specific causes of gingivitis include:

  • Poor dental hygiene resulting in bacterial plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis
  • Smoking, mouth breathing and overcrowded teeth
  • Systemic diseases especially diabetes, HIV infection

Non-inflamed gingival enlargement tends to be a darker red or purple. It may be soft, which bleeds easily, or firm and fibrous. It is also more likely to occur in those with poor dental hygiene. Causes include:

What are the symptoms?

Gingival enlargement may cause discomfort, interfere with speech or chewing, result in halitosis (bad odour to the breath) and it may look unsightly.

What is the treatment for gingival hyperplasia?

The treatment depends on the underlying cause. Gingivitis may improve with the following measures:

  • Removal of bacterial plaque by thorough tooth brushing and flossing
  • Antiseptic mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine
  • Ultrasonic treatments
  • Courses of antibiotics to reduce oral bacterial load (e.g. erythromycin or azithromycin)

Drugs that are known to cause gingival enlargement should be discontinued. Gingivectomy (surgical removal of the overgrown gum tissue) may be necessary for severe cases and may be repeated if necessary.

 

References

  • Khera P, Zirwas MJ, English JC 3rd. Diffuse gingival enlargement. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Mar;52(3 Pt 1):491–9. Medline

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